Towards an office responsible with the environment… 9 Reasons to be a socially responsible company › Mega Resources

Administration of human resources in organizations

Administration of human resources:

1. Towards an office responsible with the environment
2. 9 Reasons to be a socially responsible company
3. CSR, an ethical and economic
4. Child labor: extensive damage small
5. Human resources and corporate social responsibility
6. Ethics and Social Responsibility of the company
7. Corporate Social Responsibility fashion or unique way?
8. CSR, an ethical and economic
9. Human resources and corporate social responsibility
10. Students and their orders to organizations
11. How health affects the excessive use of technological devices
12. What does an ergonomist?
13. Consequences of sleep little or no sleep
14. Importance of ergonomics in occupational health
15. Factors that may affect the health of workers

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[ 1 ]

Towards an office responsible with the environment

Global warming we thought so far, has arrived, and awareness of environmental impact, and policy responsibility for the conservation of the environment are already law in Argentina.
Unfortunately, for 50% of the people the concept of green office, or those offices where there is concern not to harm nature, they are synonymous with expensive and difficult to achieve. But Buenos Aires has its first office project designated by the USGBC (US Green Building Council) LEED (Leadership Energy and Environmental Design) Silver building Madero office of Argentina developmentalist company RAHGSA with studio project Mario Roberto Alvarez and Associates , which is being built in Puerto Madero, and a two- way mark towards the concept of rational use of space.
This distinction given by a building, there is also for interior architecture projects. To achieve architects must work together with companies.
These 10 tips that follow are simple internal actions with companies, according to its size and budget can contribute to raise awareness about the environment, further decreasing their operational costs:
1. Use of pape l: is It calculates that employees print an average of 8 pages per day, if we calculate the amount of reams of paper per year for the Company, to which must be added the cost of m2 paper in deposits library, not only rental cost but of expenses, taxes and services, cuantificaríamos the value of recycling paper. Culture change that involves printing less also means less cost of inputs such as cartridges, electricity for printers, place for machines and downtime to get up to find the printed paper. The actions to be taken are:
Print double - sided and only what is essential
to most recent email
Reusing the back of the leaves to drafts, ideas and projects
Normalize sheet size throughout the company (A4 or trade) the that optimizes the volume of stored since being all the papers of the same size 100% of the space is used.
Follow the path of a document as proof. It is a way to estimate the number of times that it prints
down the margins to use more leaf, which seems minor but if everyone did, would preserve many trees per year
Use printing software to remove leaves useless.

2. Purchase of inputs of "green" library

Work to reduce the demand for inputs.
Pens, paper clips, error correctors, markers, highlighters, scissors, can be made of recyclable materials. Existing suppliers who specialize in them, and are not more expensive, just ask and prioritize them to boost their use.

3. Consumption of "green" products

Promote vending coffee breaks and the use of "fair-trade" coffees and teas, without use of pesticides in processing.
Do not buy supplies for vending snacks that may harm the health of employees and people living near the plants that produce them .
Add fresh fruits on the coffee breaks
Remove the jerrycans and change for filtered water. We generally drinking water quality that allows us this, at least in Buenos Aires.

4. Selection of cleaning

Often companies hire a cleaning service without looking at the type of items they will use.
It is proven that some cleaners can cause headaches to people who are long hours in the environment.
Avoid using disinfectants, air fresheners can avoid allergies, and non - use of petroleum - based aid environmental preservation items. There are based scents such as lavender and orange are energizing and produce positive feeling in the environment products. All this affects productivity.
5 . Using furniture and recyclable materials. In the field of office equipment is where it has become more aware of the use of recyclable materials made from wood from forests that are not natural, renewable energy, fire retardant fabrics, non - toxic paints, etc.
Companies like Knoll (Interieur Forma, Steelcase (Open Office), Haiworth (Manifesto) or Herman Miller (Collection) and their representatives in Argentina (ask Patrick for optie) while producing that and work in this regard.
Also the carpets using as a material the Antron are, unlike other recyclable at the end of its life, fireproof life, and do not use petroleum - based materials.
There are rubber floors that matter Karavell firm are made with recycling of the sole slippers through an agreement with Nike and so, little by little, is growing in the world in a trend that can not be ignored.
there are also paintings that besides encouraging employees through the good choice of color, use low levels of volatile materials and are free of toxic materials.
Another issue is recycling furniture at the end of his life. Every designer of this era included in the presentation of his new work, the way that product is to be recycle more if it is not used, you must define what use is going to give each of the different materials.
The concept is not pull, recycle.

6. Reformulation of lighting and energy saving

This topic new are the LEDs (lighting emitting diodes) of low power consumption, but for now high initial investment cost. But the trend is to bring the plane illumination to the work plane, which is less competition is achieved with the monitor light, saving general lighting and a feeling of greater warmth is achieved in the working environment, thus is achieved smaller capital investment and operational savings.
Energy savings can occur not only in the reformulation of enlightenment but by separate circuits in the layout to turn off the lights of the islands that do not use them when they go, using low energy form in refrigerators and other appliances using air conditioning temperature 25 ° and only when necessary, using films in curtains and glasses to decrease the amount of air conditioning needed.
7. Rethinking equipment systems. Trying to move towards low - energy equipment at end of life is of recyclable materials.

8. Rational use of materials and energy in printing systems

Before buying new printers or photocopiers think the amount of waste that will generate and the energy that will save or waste. Laser printers produce less waste. We need to aim at the lowest cost per print unit, which involves recycling the cartridges, but we can buy cartridges recyclable material, and if possible without them with new systems.
Use print pool replacing personal printers to avoid the temptation to print instead of reading on screen.
Use non - toxic toners.

9. Recycle and minimize waste

There are already companies as company policy has three different colored containers for sorting waste which can then be recycled, it creates a "green" culture that can be transmitted to society in general. Also, if less paper is used there is less waste.

10. Offer alternatives Shuttle

Get to the office is difficult in Buenos Aires. One way to contribute to the lower amount of carbon in the air and increase the quality of life of people, is to promote the existence of charters to the strategic points of the city would reduce the number of cars circulating. An improvement for employees. Another might be to increase the amount of video conferencing or phone to minimize transfer and encourage work from home conferences.
These easy actions to implement, help preserve the planet, conserve forests and their ecosystem, avoid excessive oil consumption, and also this can be achieved through savings for the company. Then undertake the way to the green, everything is started.

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[ 2 ]

9 Reasons to be a socially responsible company

Corporate Social Responsibility in the name that defines a new relationship between business and society, which consists of shares of the business sector to alleviate social and environmental problems of the communities of which they are part.
Although some literature assume that social responsibility is not worth companies and only cause an increase in expenditure in the sector, the fact is that CSR actions increase the reputation of companies and offer great benefits qualitative and quantitative .
Over the past decade, the trend of including CSR programs in companies was extended from the First World countries to underdeveloped countries. In Latin America, for example, where economic crises deepened the problem of hunger and poverty, companies made a commitment to undertake social projects in partnership with civil society.
Against opposite positions to this new phenomenon, let 's see what are the benefits that companies have to be socially committed . Here we present 9 Reasons to be:
1- A company considered socially responsible increases the positive image with consumers and customers. It is likely that customers of a company with good reputation renew their commitment. A study by Hill and Knownlton and Yankelevich Partners, the American public prefers companies that carry out their philanthropic activities and encourage volunteering.
2- attracts investors. Responsible actions also improve the image of the company against the business community and investors: the leading companies are often highlighted in the media, including in ethical funds and recommended investment funds. It is expected that an investor discard the possibility of placing their money in a company that maintains a history of serious environmental pollution and opt for another that cares about environmental care.
3- Increases levels of satisfaction, belonging, commitment and loyalty of employees. Shares socially committed also promote stability and welfare of the internal public: a recent study by Cherenson Group notes that almost 80% of employees prefer to work for a company that has an excellent reputation and pays a wage sufficient to meet their needs that for a company to pay a better salary but has a bad reputation in general.
4-Improves relationship with the environment and increases the influence of business in society. Civil society organizations as Greenpeace tend to sue companies that hide information about their products and processes. Post honest and accurate information and undertake socially committed actions improves the image of the company against civil society and generates links that can lead to joint social projects. In Latin America it is very common for companies to finance proposals and participate in the implementation of social programs in conjunction with specialized NGOs.
5- Reduce operating costs. CSR actions focused especially on reducing environmental pollution manages to reduce costs and downtime. Recycling is an alternative widely used by service companies either to extend the life of equipment to save replacement costs. On the other hand, companies that aimed to reduce emissions of gases contributing to optimize energy capacity and reduce unnecessary spending.
6- Position and differentiates the brand from competition. A company to allocate resources to carry out social projects, or perform actions to mitigate environmental pollution will give their products an added value over competitive products.
7- Accesses and positively influence opinion leaders. A company that allocate part of their budget on social or environmental actions and not hide information will be highlighted in the media and allow positively influence opinion leaders.
8- Improved financial performance of the company. According to a study by the Business and Society Review 1999 honoring corporate ethics codes they have a performance two to three times higher than those without. Another study showed that companies with philanthropic social practices get their rates of return well above expectations investments.
9- access to capital. Reports of the Social Investment Forum reveal that financial resources oriented ethics, improving the environment and social responsibility programs in the United States is greatly increased year after year. This growth can be noted that these initiatives have access to capital, which otherwise I would not have been easy to obtain.
To include the goals and policies of an organization CSR actions need not be a large or multinational company. We have seen how being a socially committed company can provide benefits against competitors and investors. SMEs are also beginning to show the benefits of these initiatives. It is the following numbers we will present cases and will continue to expand the scope of this contemporary phenomenon.

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[ 3 ]

CSR, an ethical and economic

It went from the stage of "autistic company" Milton Friedman, the active philanthropy, and is already in full swing a third: the Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), argues the author. He says companies with CSR have more gains than those who do not practice, since society, informed and mobilized, values them more.
Until recently , American business leaders vied for positions in the ranking of the super -rich . Now many began to compete in another table, the philanthropy. Bill Gates and Warren Buffet, created the largest foundation in history with 61,000 million dollars. They explained that it was not simply donate, and out on photos. According to "The Economist" Buffett made his donation to the Gates Foundation, conditional on Gates left Microsoft and devote himself to the Foundation.
A few decades ago the idea prevailed that Milton Friedman private enterprise was accountable only to its shareholders, and produce profits. Today is deprecated.
Being such an important weight in the economy, you are accountable to all public related to their activity, and being one of the highest concentrations of technology on the planet, must be adduced to major global problems. In announcing his donation Buffet said "the market does not work in terms of poor people" and urged to help instead of transmitting substantial inheritance.
It went from the stage of "autistic company" Friedman, the active philanthropy, but is already in full swing a third: that of corporate social responsibility (CSR). It requires the company to good relations with their staff, transparent corporate governance, fair play with consumers, preserve the environment, and being active in the great causes of public interest. The transition from one stage to another was mobilized by powerful social forces.
They are the historical struggles of employees for decent working conditions. Today they have integrated issues such as respect for diversity and family-business balance. Are the claims after Enron investors. They demand transparency, efficient controls, reduce the gigantic remunerative packages of top executives, and ethical reliability. Pressed consumers. They are organized to penalizing companies that harm health or destroy the environment. So they have caused harsh economic damage to industries snuff, asbestos, and some laboratories.
There are increasingly more informed, articulate, and participatory civil societies. They are willing to make boycotts that violate human rights principles, or working conditions.
All these factors. Stocks fall or rise increasingly as CSR. The most important investment funds are assessing the sustainability of enterprises considering their CSR. CSR creates noticeable differences in competitiveness in domestic and international markets. There are new concepts such as competitiveness responsible, green business, familiarly responsible companies.
Better and more profitable
Each of the elements of CSR favors the company. A study of companies that implement diversity practices in the United States shows that in five years had annual returns of 18.3%, while those who did not only gained 7.9%. 63% of the executives of the 500 largest companies believe that diversity produces a more creative work environment.
In addition to the benefits for the company are the benefits to the employer as a person. Recent studies at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Harvard and Michigan show that solidarity is extremely high salaries in terms of personal health. 60% of a sample of people 50 and older in the United States says it wants in its next stage, focus on improving the quality of life in their communities. CSR the employer does not have to wait until near retirement. You can do it now.
How about in Latin America, and Argentina? Many companies are still "active autism." Others have increasingly entered the world of philanthropy and this is a very important step forward. Brazil already represents more than 2,000 million dollars annually. However, you need to make the leap from stage to philanthropic stage of CSR.
Commit the company to provide, in addition to money, managerial, Internet spaces, production techniques and marketing to combat the serious problem of poverty (41% of the population of the region) and inequality (most of the globe) that live Latin America, and with major improvements defy Argentina.
This does not mean in any way that the company is asked to resolve them alone. Public policies have the primary responsibility in a democratic society to guarantee all citizens their rights to nutrition, health, education, and development. But the collaboration of private enterprise is key. The strategic alliance between active public policies with a human face, RSE, and a civil society mobilized behind the success of countries leading the global tables as Norway, Canada and others.
There entrepreneurs support progressive taxation agreements, collaborate on large - scale education and health, part of large public initiatives, concertan.
In Latin America and Argentina you have to activate the RSE. Everyone wins with it. Jumping "autism" CSR is a great opportunity, and a collective claim.

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[ 4 ]

Child labor: extensive damage small

On 12 June, while attention seemed to stick only to the expectations and euphoria that produced the World Cup, he commemorated the World Day Against Child Labour.
Since 1919 , the International Labour Organization (ILO) set at 14 years the minimum age for employment in industry and from there a definition of child labor refers to activities and / or survival strategies, paid or not apparent, made by children, younger than the minimum age required by national legislation to take up a job. The concept includes visible and invisible activities carried out by guys who work outside the home and / or earn tips and / or usually help at work to relatives or neighbors, a definition that can be extended, if the activity of attending the house is included while parents are away from home.
There are different positions with respect to child labor. On the one hand, there are those who tend to generate actions that advocate for the prevention and eradication, and other sectors that promote their protection and promotion.
In the first group organizations that consider child labor "perpetuates the vicious cycle of poverty" and performing certain tasks below the minimum age "hurts hinders and prevents physical, mental, spiritual development are located, moral or social development "of the child.
The United Nations General Assembly, which adopted the Convention on the Rights of the Child in 1989, together with the States that adhere to this legislation and the ILO in this group.
Meanwhile, those who posit the protection of child labor, consider child labor activity as a positive experience, from the point of view of socialization, learning and psycho - social identity building. In this regard, it states that the child worker recognition reinforces their self - esteem and can generate an alternative draft childhood.
In this sector organizations Children and Young Workers (NATS), the Latin America that emerged in the seventies and have national, regional and in some cases by local representatives are counted. The aim of these groups is the improvement of the conditions of working children and the fight against exploitation.
Numerical Contradictions
According to an ILO Global Report, presented in Brasilia, in May 2006, the total number of children working worldwide fell by 11 percent, from 246 to almost 218 million.
At this news was joined that Latin America was regarded as the region experienced "fastest falling" in the number of children working, with a decrease ranging from 16 to 5 percent.
However, the Argentine case sends a totally opposed trend. According to the organization Save the Children child labor grew by 600 percent in the last seven years as a result of the economic crisis.
In the same vein, the National Commission for the Eradication of Child Labour (CONAETI), the Ministry of Labor, Employment and Social Security estimated at a million and a half the number of children aged 5 to 14 years, in urban or rural areas of Argentina, will take time to work, to the detriment of education and leisure, compromising their physical and mental integrity, thus violating Article 32 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, incorporated into the Constitution in 1994, which states the boys have the right to "be protected from economic exploitation and from performing any work that could be dangerous or interfere with their education, or to be harmful to their health or development ...".
The Argentine case
The question of the causes of early labor income leads to an obvious answer: poverty. Although other factors also influence related, such as adult unemployment, work in black, prostitution, child pornography and cultural issues that tend to naturalize a deeply rooted tradition from the situation.
The link between child labor with less benefited sectors, which can not ensure the satisfaction of basic needs, is extremely narrow.
In Argentina most current statistics are based on the data gathered by the United Nations Fund for Children (UNICEF), who worked with the narrower definition of child labor, then add the measurements corresponding to household chores.
Thus the Proniño program throws figures indicate that there are 1,232,852 children aged 5 to 14 years working and rural, 271,074, giving a total of 1,503,926 less committed to growth and development in urban areas.
The time stolen from educational and recreational activities is varied. There are no exact data, but on a sample of 200,000 children, surveyed in Buenos Aires and six provinces, the ILO issued a report in late 2004, holding that on average, children work 7 hours a week, but one of every 5 children devotes to work 10 hours or more activities. In addition one in 10 does at night.
On sale in the street, people care or conducting tissues, girls are distinguished and collecting paper and paperboard, cut the grass and running errands, children.
While 97 percent of children surveyed attend school, 18.7 recorded tardiness frequent repeated absences 19.8 and 29.7, year or grade repetition. These values are reduced by half in children who do not perform work activities.
Limited access to education children receive working, is joined by damage to physical and mental health caused by long hours, work performed in harmful places both in town and country, who subject to insufficient lighting, overexposure to solar radiation, contact with toxic substances, risk of accidents, etc., in addition to the improper payment, physical and social stress and sexual exploitation.
The reality Argentina posits the existence of a large and vulnerable sector of children working and gets minimum income, while records irreparable damage to its integrity. Child labor is a problem that does not contribute to a work culture based on human dignity.

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[ 5 ]

Human resources and corporate social responsibility

More and more companies are concerned about designing programs indoor Social Responsibility Company. Recently and this is a global phenomenon, advertising on television and radio graphics and are becoming less credibility. So large organizations establish systems to link them to the nearest community and effectively.
Therefore they propose ideas to their employees to jointly carry out programs designed to meet the needs of the community; collect used clothing, school supplies, nonperishable food, even money are donated to schools and charities.
The novelty in this respect is that the company only makes coordinator of these programs , and invites employees to organize, implement actions, to propose charities and go talk to them personally and to perform community activities.
Companies like Sheraton Hotel Argentina, Dow Chemical, Fate, among others has very oiled Corporate Social Responsibility programs articulated with the participation of its human resources. Employees are absolutely protagonists.
These activities are very well regarded and accepted by the community and even the internal public company representing the doors outside and doing solidarity work.
Much remains to be done in this area. Many executives we interviewed, have accepted how well employees participate in these activities, while recognizing that some activities of this type, do not want to be disseminated widely.
For example the Sheraton Hotel in Buenos Aires, assists with donations of surplus products to the Villa 31 Retiro (which is very close to the Hotel) an illegal settlement of persons, public land, although there is a long time, is not accepted by the common people, who obviously see it as a space of danger, marginalization, crime and totally illegal.
Unilever Argentina, has also made donations of products and works in shantytowns of Buenos Aires Province who prefer not to disclose.
Given these characteristics, invite to think that certain companies, fearing that their employees or clients can be attacked by criminals who usually reside in these settlements, offering gifts and offerings as a "containment" (Sheraton Buenos Aires) or good to "spread" their products (Unilever Argentina) to an ignorant and manipulable population that has recently acquired government subsidies. This has nothing to do with Corporate Social Responsibility. When the shares of the company are related to the socially repudiated and benefit people in a state of chronic lawlessness (many of them also chronic offenders) and enter another field that is not of this article.
But most companies we interviewed, directly say they attend only related to education, such as school cafeterias, schools, technical schools or provide (in their own plants) training in different areas to low - income people who are outside ventures labor system. They teach computing, carpentry, languages, school support their children, among others. Employees chip companies, teach how to make bread, cooking nutritious recipes and crafts for people to learn to develop in the best way.
The latter description, one might say, is the best work of Social Responsibility.
Although hardly recognized in a confidential environment, many companies do not even want to attend soup kitchens (eye! Differ from school canteens) clientelistic plague Argentina post-crisis, where in places usurped, people cook for others, they feed hundreds of poor daily, given away food, often in poor condition, in an area without order, without planning, without project, which conveys that "the only thing that matters is to have a full belly" and that works against the first social institution that is the family. It is a highly contested social space, which logically, companies with strong codes of ethics do not want to get involved.
Finally, another activity Social Responsibility common businesswoman are "social" benefits offered by companies to their members. Faced with a difficult social reality, many organizations offer career counseling for teens of their employees, paid internships in companies for their family members create psychological consultants and assist, so to a large domestic population and own social needs.

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[ 6 ]

Ethics and Social Responsibility of the company

3. 1 - ETHICAL PRINCIPLES ETHICAL
Economic ethics should direct the right people within the organization, to indicate the objectives that are preferred for its moral dimension.
They fall into 3 main theories:
- consequentialist
- Regulation
- the duty to be
ethics, while practical science philosophical, exposes and scientifically based universal principles of morality or morality of human acts. Employers should promote business ethics from a non - corporatist self - regulation, open to both internal and external criticism. In this context the critical public opinion plays an indispensable role.
3. 2 - FUNDAMENTALS OF BUSINESS ETHICS.
3. 2. 1 - INTRODUCTION.
The main reasons that have prompted concerns about ethics are:
1 - Loss of credibility deposited in enterprises (trend dismissal, financial speculation, safety or quality of pdtos, veracity of advertising.).
2 - Shortage of law.
3 - increasing role of business in development, not only economic but social (environmental protection).
4 - growing need to harmonize the overall interests of the company with those of each of its members.
3. 2. 2 - REASONS FOR ETHICS.
Being ethical is as important as being profitable. The reasons for a company is ethical belong to two categories:
1 - abstract and personal reasons.
2 - Economic reasons: - Strengthen external image
- more harmonious relations (ClTES, suppliers, employees.) And thus reducing costs.
- Final PDTO Quality.
- The organization with people of integrity is an important asset.
- The prestige makes diminish the problems, which lowers costs.
- The ethical values of management team favor their natural leadership.
- The work environment improvement.
Ethical conduct can cope with a difficult environment, reducing coordination costs and, therefore, can become a competitive advantage but there seems to be a perfect causal relationship between ethical behavior and economic bº.
3. 2. 3 - ETHICS AND BUSINESS Bº.
Regarding the bº are given two different positions: is considered an economic magnitude to be maximized or it is considered that it is also important how to obtain it . The company and society interact. Business ethics is the set of values, norms and principles reflected in the culture of the company to achieve greater harmony with society and enable better adaptation to all environments in terms of respecting the rights recognized by society and the values that it shares.
3. 2. 4 - ETHICAL BEHAVIOR AND NO COST: COST -Bº.
Unethical business behavior:
- Putting the business interests of its customers, employees and society in general..
- Increase sales by dumping or misleading advertising.
- Contrary rules that encourage contradictory behavior at work and in personal appearance.
- Individuals who abuse their position and power to achieve their goals.
- Increased concern about ethical behavior that appear to observe them .
- Members of the company that make it look like objectives of the firm yours.
- Consider infallible own business or opinions.
To assess the cost of unethical behavior carried out a cost / bº analysis: benefits = better health, individual satisfaction, greater knowledge and technical and human formation, greater participation in economic growth or job creation; social costs = pain or illness, deaths, job dissatisfaction, ignorance, pollution, destruction of jobs. The problem with this analysis is that some benefits or costs can not be measured, are not predictable or not even clear whether they are benefits or costs. In order to eliminate unethical behavior it is necessary to know its origin (excess pressure, opportunities or attitudes).
3. 2. 5 - MANAGEMENT MODEL OF ETHICS.
In a first stage, companies only think about their interests (selfishness), which are then transformed into a formal mentality and finally deep values and convictions (autonomy).
Considering virtues habits related to corporate culture and principles benchmarks to determine the influence on freedom and welfare of others, are distinguished:
Towards within the organization - Virtues - Truth and trust among employees
Respect diversity
adequate system of incentives and rewards
- Principles - Rights of employees to privacy
Workplace safety
Consideration just
out - Virtues - Honesty managers, customers, investors, society and the environment.
- Principles - Quality and safety PDTO . offered on the market
Justice investors
Social Responsibility
The decision process based on sound ethical principles can be broken down into the following phases (5D): Describe (key to the situation elements) Discerning (interests, rights, duties or virtues)
expose (= Display of the main options) Decide (the best option) and Defender (the election).
3. 3 - ETHICS AND SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY.
If ethics sets out the principles that define the actions, social responsibility is concerned about the consequences that these corporate actions can have on society in general or particular groups. The organization is obliged to act responsibly tion, although Friedman in Capitalism and Freedom, make sure that their only responsibility was to maximize the bº. Dricker, in the 80s, began to advocate the social responsibility of the company in the socioeconomic approach, managers continue to seek to maximize the bº but long - term (transform social problems and needs in profitable business opportunities), trying to achieve that the company is profitable solve social problems. Pava and Krausz set four criteria for determining the legitimacy of social responsibility: degree of awareness of the problem, the level of direct responsibility of the company, degree of consensus of all social groups and relationship to the economic result, but in practice hardly They are given all at once. Proponents of social responsibility argue that the market values the company responsible and long term, stocks increase in value. It should be remembered, however, that without bº can not be socially responsible.
3. 3. 1 - CATEGORIES OF SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY.
Social obligation - not violate the law.
Social reaction - The company is socially responsible if it responds to the social demands of certain groups, ie, it adapts to what society demands and without waiting for a law required.
Social sensitivity - If seek to establish ethical truths regardless of the "social fashion" of the moment.
3. 3. 2 - SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY IN THE INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT.
Multinational companies have to establish an ethical pluralism: eg US almost all companies have a code of ethics, have increased penalties for environmental offenses, consumers are more attentive to corporate behavior, sexual harassment is a crime and public institutions ensure more financial markets. However, the increasing degree of globalization is generating a homogenization of needs and tastes that seems to point to a future ethics unit.
3. 3. 3 - MANAGEMENT OF SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY.
According Etang, whether social actions are reactive (social reaction) as if they are anticipatory
(social sensitivity) can achieve more if planned: - Environmental analysis
- Strategy formulation
- Implementation of the strategy
- Strategic Control.
Ultimately, ethical values place the company in a position of competitive advantage.
3. 4. - MEASURES TO PROMOTE ETHICAL ATTITUDES: ETHICAL CODES.
Top management can: - Demonstrate ethical conduct (provide a role model and establish tradition of integrity)
- Develop an ethical vision (gray areas: training reduces risks)
- Issue a formal commitment (firm attitude to ethical dilemmas)
- Arbitration ethical conflicts (refereeing, imposing penalties ...)
- Establish performance criteria (clear and realistic controls compliance)
- Rewarding ethical achievements (disciplinary measures, oversight committees, evaluation systems).
In addition to senior management, other individuals and groups must also be clearly committed, for example by implementing a code of ethics or internal code of conduct.
3. 4. 1 - THE ETHICAL CODE.
Code of behavior that sets the values, beliefs and norms of conduct that define the organization and are part of their culture = project company that collects the basic rules to follow lines.
Through their culture, the company encourages discipline through business rules and leadership encourages participation in a common task: according Nystron, the top management of the organization determines the ethical climate of their employees. The principles further included are:
1. Operate in accordance with the laws
2. Always act like you would a good citizen
3. As a multinational global thinking, never locally
4. Be reasonable and pragmatic
5. Provide the same opportunities to workers
in June . Acting in an equitable and fair to all players, although not expressly required by law.
3. 4. 2 - LAW AND CODE OF ETHICS.
If you punish them indicated is not met. While sanctions of ethical codes are often only indicative informal sanctions often have a greater impact on the organization than economic. But it is clear that legality and morality do not agree on all occasions.
3. 4. 3 - CHARACTERISTICS AND CONTENTS OF THE CODE OF ETHICS.
An ethical code, properly prepared, should not be limited to dictate rules or principles but must have a certain teaching style and explain the consequences of each rule. Its main features are: - Take into account the needs of time and place
- Be realistic, brief, concise and clear
- Referencing human virtues
- Explain why and wherefore of each principle
- It must prevail the common good over personal interests
- should not be a way to hide the real actions or principle of the company.
Any code of ethics should be developed taking into account two aspects: business objectives and characteristics of the environment in which it operates. : At the 3 components it is distinguished
business philosophy (objectives) -
- Business Culture (values and standards)
- Business policy (strategy and organizational structure).
3. 4. 4 - FUNCTIONS OF THE ETHICAL CODE.
. To reinforce the corporate business culture of the company
. Present to the market and society in general the company and its objectives
. Shaping the performance of the company with customers, suppliers and competitors
. Reaffirm the social credibility of the company
. Closer to the customer. Trying to meet their needs and satisfy them optimally.
Collect the commitment of the company to achieve satisfy the interests of all groups
. Present values and basic principle s in which the company will base all its actions, externally and internally
. Remove uncertainties to guide all decisions at various levels of the organization.
3. 4. 5. - ADDITIONAL PROGRAMS.
Ethical codes can not be considered simply as a set of standards that employees will perceive. Training programs are essential for workers to understand the code as yours. In addition to code additional programs are established:
- Additional codes written internal character
- regular seminars on ethical issues
- Specific programs on relationships with customers, suppliers, competitors or suppliers
- Establish requirements that constrain the senior appointments.
- Create a defender of ethics: - Evaluate the performances of the company
- Act as mediator
- Be independent of management to acquire the confidence of all
- Strategies and operational plans ethical basis
- Training of leadership in social responsibility
- Hiring lawyers and consultants to ensure ethical activities.
3. 5 - THE BALANCE SOCIAL.
3. 5. 1 - INTRODUCTION.
Current legislation does not require the drafting of a social accounts and no shortage of books and articles published to date: the term social balance designates what actually constitutes a presentation of the social accounts.
3. 5. 2 - BALANCE CONCEPT OF SOCIAL.
Enterprise information system that reflects the relationship between the company and the society with its environment and its internal and external in order to provide transparent information of all contributions to provide the society groups. The SI will be full if:
- It reflects the set of economic -social contributions provided by the company to society
- globally Includes links between business, society and economy
- reflects the structures of the different internal and external groups that make up the company
- constitutes a management system that provides a more adequate training in the reality of business processes.
3. 5. 3 - ORIGIN AND HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT.
The debate on the social responsibility of the company and the multiplicity of opinions regarding the technical concept development have been instrumental in the evolution of thinking about the presentation of company accounts. Approaches to the social balance focus on:
- Social costs
- Assessment of human resources
- Analysis cost / bº
- inventory
- Study of social indicators
- Development of a report on all activities of the company
- Development of a system business goals
3. 5. 4 - GENERAL PRINCIPLES iN SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT oF BALANCE.
- You must pick the most relevant areas of the company / society relationship
- "" the costs and benefits of each of these areas
- "differentiate between those services supplied by the company under legal requirements of the totally voluntary
- should allow comparison at different times of the reality it represents
- "present a list of associated costs and benefits to all benefits made by the company.
By analogy with general accounting principles, respect of truthfulness, integrity, clarity, comparability, caution and economy.
3. 5. 5 - STRUCTURE OF THE BALANCE SOCIAL.
Account Social Result includes four distinct areas: social balance for staff, for the community, for the general public and customers
For French companies, the legislation imposes 4 parts: I - State of company employees
II - staff movements
III- Measures taken to promote employment
IV- information on staff training
3. 5. 6 - WHAT ARE tHE SOCIAL COSTS? .
The requirements to the social costs so they can be analyzed and determined in the social balance are: 1 - What can be measured consumption good, qualitative and quantitative level
2 - The cost arising from the consumption of an activity or product
3 - That the consumption made are valued.
3. 5. 7 - WHAT ARE THE SOCIAL RESULTS? .
- Social Program Approach: extraordinary activities, not business as such, provided by the company to society
- Constituent Impact Approach: all the social costs and profits associated with the activities of the company = social outcome
usually the social result is specified as a value output - cost input.
3. 5. 8 - SOCIAL AUDIT.
Activity review and verification of social accounts presented by the company. It is a means to verify the degree of compliance with the corporate plan.
3. 6 - ETHICAL DILEMMAS.
Arise at the time that the application of ethics can lead to different results, less beneficial results or less desired, so that the decision maker is raised employed or own ethical principles that you trust and believe, because it can make jeopardize the objective. These dilemmas can arise in the relationship of the company with the surrounding environment, with the various stakeholders and of course within the same and more specifically in personal relationships that occur in all types of organizations. Sources of conflict are the conflicting interests between different groups in the organization (shareholders, suppliers, competitors, customers ...), external communication and / or advertising, treatment and human relations that occur internally within the company, the environmental impact and the development of communications. The law and technology are not enough to resolve and be internalized standards of behavior for interactions "on-line". The ethics of communications in electronic networks can be based on the following principles: respect the privacy and property rights of others, and respect both individuals with established direct mode communication, and those that look affected indirectly.
. Collect the commitment of the company to achieve satisfy the interests of all groups
. Present values and basic principle s in which the company will base all its actions, externally and internally
. Remove uncertainties to guide all decisions at various levels of the organization.
3. 4. 5. - ADDITIONAL PROGRAMS.
Ethical codes can not be considered simply as a set of standards that employees will perceive. Training programs are essential for workers to understand the code as yours. In addition to code additional programs are established:
- Additional codes written internal character
- regular seminars on ethical issues
- Specific programs on relationships with customers, suppliers, competitors or suppliers
- Establish requirements that constrain the senior appointments.
- Create a defender of ethics: - Evaluate the performances of the company
- Act as mediator
- Be independent of management to acquire the confidence of all
- Strategies and operational plans ethical basis
- Training of leadership in social responsibility
- Hiring lawyers and consultants to ensure ethical activities.
3. 5 - THE BALANCE SOCIAL.
3. 5. 1 - INTRODUCTION.
Current legislation does not require the drafting of a social accounts and no shortage of books and articles published to date: the term social balance designates what actually constitutes a presentation of the social accounts.
3. 5. 2 - BALANCE CONCEPT OF SOCIAL.
Enterprise information system that reflects the relationship between the company and the society with its environment and its internal and external in order to provide transparent information of all contributions to provide the society groups. The SI will be full if:
- It reflects the set of economic -social contributions provided by the company to society
- globally Includes links between business, society and economy
- reflects the structures of the different internal and external groups that make up the company
- constitutes a management system that provides a more adequate training in the reality of business processes.
3. 5. 3 - ORIGIN AND HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT.
The debate on the social responsibility of the company and the multiplicity of opinions regarding the technical concept development have been instrumental in the evolution of thinking about the presentation of company accounts. Approaches to the social balance focus on:
- Social costs
- Assessment of human resources
- Analysis cost / bº
- inventory
- Study of social indicators
- Development of a report on all activities of the company
- Development of a system business goals
3. 5. 4 - GENERAL PRINCIPLES iN SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT oF BALANCE.
- You must pick the most relevant areas of the company / society relationship
- "" the costs and benefits of each of these areas
- "differentiate between those services supplied by the company under legal requirements of the totally voluntary
- should allow comparison at different times of the reality it represents
- "present a list of associated costs and benefits to all benefits made by the company.
By analogy with general accounting principles, respect of truthfulness, integrity, clarity, comparability, caution and economy.
3. 5. 5 - STRUCTURE OF THE BALANCE SOCIAL.
Account Social Result includes four distinct areas: social balance for staff, for the community, for the general public and customers
For French companies, the legislation imposes 4 parts: I - State of company employees
II - staff movements
III- Measures taken to promote employment
IV- information on staff training
3. 5. 6 - WHAT ARE tHE SOCIAL COSTS? .
The requirements to the social costs so they can be analyzed and determined in the social balance are: 1 - What can be measured consumption good, qualitative and quantitative level
2 - The cost arising from the consumption of an activity or product
3 - That the consumption made are valued.
3. 5. 7 - WHAT ARE THE SOCIAL RESULTS? .
- Social Program Approach: extraordinary activities, not business as such, provided by the company to society
- Constituent Impact Approach: all the social costs and profits associated with the activities of the company = social outcome
usually the social result is specified as a value output - cost input.
3. 5. 8 - SOCIAL AUDIT.
Activity review and verification of social accounts presented by the company. It is a means to verify the degree of compliance with the corporate plan.
3. 6 - ETHICAL DILEMMAS.
Arise at the time that the application of ethics can lead to different results, less beneficial results or less desired, so that the decision maker is raised employed or own ethical principles that you trust and believe, because it can make jeopardize the objective. These dilemmas can arise in the relationship of the company with the surrounding environment, with the various stakeholders and of course within the same and more specifically in personal relationships that occur in all types of organizations. Sources of conflict are the conflicting interests between different groups in the organization (shareholders, suppliers, competitors, customers ...), external communication and / or advertising, treatment and human relations that occur internally within the company, the environmental impact and the development of communications. The law and technology are not enough to resolve and be internalized standards of behavior for interactions "on-line". The ethics of communications in electronic networks can be based on the following principles: respect the privacy and property rights of others, and respect both individuals with established direct mode communication, and those that look affected indirectly.

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[ 7 ]

Corporate Social Responsibility fashion or unique way?

A utopian and contradictory pose ... or the inexorable and right path? How much of each thing?
I - SURELY INCOMPLETE INTRODUCTORY REFLECTIONS.
Corporate citizen or "enterprise" is displayed, increasingly, by the
civil community as part of it.
Few still believe the old approach (MF -. 1970) that companies have the sole purpose of obtaining profits.
• Some buildings such as the Triple Botton Line, with its different conceptualizations of financial, human and social outcomes, and environmental grow in developed countries.
• More than ten global standards speak in detail of CSR: OECD Guidelines, Green Paper, Global Compac, Caux Round Table, SA Sooo, ISO Inooo, " 'CSR Europe, WBCSD, Global Reporting Initiative, The Corporate Responsibility Index, etc. .
• Many of these encodings, mixed - although considered voluntary application - requirements of regulations that are legal in the respective countries, with policies of voluntary membership.
II -. SOME TOUGH PHENOMENA oVERLOOK ... without identification as equivalent to adhesion to a type of underlying ideology .... (it is time that human resources care for their companies and they take care of their human resources).
• in developed countries GDP growth is not accompanied, in many cases , similar growth in the share of wages in the same GDP ..
• Concentration of wealth. Increased poverty in large areas of the globe.
• the issue of employment / unemployment is a widespread problem. No political leader or statesman who is not really concerned about the phenomenon. "Sabotage"?
• Globalization is not discussed. It is ...... and here to stay. Communications reported by the four cardinal points happens in every part of the world. It is growing awareness of comfort and "discomfort".
• The times count. Demands for solutions ...... do not expect.
• In the fierce short - termism, the quarterly results condition the markets.
• It is increasingly difficult to implement and sustain visions of medium and long term, when the situation of immediacy governs all our actions.
• Environmental sustainability is no longer a thematic banner of poetic fighters of the common good, to become a global problem that becomes increasingly relevant hierarchy.
• Mankind has always found it around ...... ..
• Moreover, proper identification of responsibilities is essential.
• Assign entrepreneurship everything floating unearmarked, would undoubtedly threaten the viability of the enterprises.
III - SUMMARY OF APPROACHES TO CSR
• First and foremost: DOING BUSINESS RESPONSIBLY (everything else comes later).
• Avenida double hand
• Human Resources Responsibility
• Responsibility for financial results
• Responsibility on environmental resources. Their costs.
• Social responsability.
• Begin to depose old clashes with the character of the organization
• Insert entrepreneurship in creating community and visualizes different.
• Environmental sustainability. Corporate identity.
• Growing global demand for ethical behavior. In addition, the interrelationships the world works, these are a requirement and not a desire.
• One way to recreate the market. Creating consumers.
• The business perspective is strengthened when it points to a medium- and long - term rather than when it operates' in a shortsighted and changing situation.
IV - IMPORTANT WAY TO FIND GOOD THOUGHTS
• Do not spend the name of CSR. 's Use it properly: CSR denote as what it really is. Its hierarchy and community recognition also depend on what concrete actions associate the name
• To bridge the gap, some in some cases, between declamation and action
Differentiate "social marketing" of "smooth operating costs and flat". Any theories about the "cost of using nature"?
Auto questions for analysis may not necessarily be resolved today
- Moda? "A movement ephemeral for its significance in time?
- Expense? ,Investment?
- "Event? ¿Permanent process?
- Devaluation by the addition of "Social"?
- Utopian in the business world ....... or perhaps ......... .. ONLY WAY or
- INEXORABLE PATH FOR PRESENT AND THE FUTURE?
V - ISSUES TO RESOLVE ON INDICES AND CERTIFICATION.
• Certification Criteria generally accepted?
• The need to standardize: Uniformity, Comparability, Universality.
• Problems in the valuation of Intangibles: The accounting profession worldwide, has still not managed to issue methodologies that valuated. Only revelation.
• most recognized Indices: good proposals.
• Objectivity versus Subjectivity in its construction.
• General for all kinds of organizations or industry - specific.
• Voluntary or mandatory
• The ISO 9000 CSR?
• Measurable. Ratings by an independent third party. Autoevaluativos.
• Difference between quantification and perceptions.
• Dissemination of them.
• The "assumptions".
• Audit: Application of generally accepted auditing standards. Assurance.
• Ability to issue the report. In our opinion….?
VI - FINAL CONCLUSIONS NOT NECESSARILY.
• Obligation to repair, responsiveness, comprehensive vision, voluntariness (beyond compulsory), ethical content, clear delineation of responsibilities .... Marking the court is vital to avoid confusion.
• CSR is not a department, it is not a division, it is not an area of HR or IRIB, is a cultural pattern.
• Endorsed and recognized in the vision, mission, strategies and tactics.
• Conviction, coherence, capilarización in all human resources of the organization. Return to the values, behaviors.
• Ethics and CSR not declaim: simply ... .. are practiced. Both CSR as in life, the subject is permanent and constant search for
balance, reason, of wisdom, rolling and in our complicated present, to transcend short - termism ...
• Achieving that balance is the task of leaders. Goldsmiths. It is the work of those who through their leadership, talent and ability, are able to sculpt the true work of art that means outlining a better future and continuous improvement of wealth generation in organizations amalgamating the same with human dignity through access to work. The world is increasingly anthropocentric.

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[ 8 ]

CSR, an ethical and economic

Until recently , American business leaders vied for positions in the ranking of the super -rich . Now many began to compete in another table, the philanthropy. Bill Gates and Warren Buffet, created the largest foundation in history with 61,000 million dollars. They explained that it was not simply donate, and out on photos. According to "The Economist" Buffett made his donation to the Gates Foundation, conditional on Gates left Microsoft and devote himself to the Foundation.
A few decades ago the idea prevailed that Milton Friedman private enterprise was accountable only to its shareholders, and produce profits. Today is deprecated.
Being such an important weight in the economy, you are accountable to all public related to their activity, and being one of the highest concentrations of technology on the planet, must be adduced to major global problems. In announcing his donation Buffet said "the market does not work in terms of poor people" and urged to help instead of transmitting substantial inheritance.
It went from the stage of "autistic company" Friedman, the active philanthropy, but is already in full swing a third: that of corporate social responsibility (CSR). It requires the company to good relations with their staff, transparent corporate governance, fair play with consumers, preserve the environment, and being active in the great causes of public interest. The transition from one stage to another was mobilized by powerful social forces.
They are the historical struggles of employees for decent working conditions. Today they have integrated issues such as respect for diversity and family-business balance. Are the claims after Enron investors. They demand transparency, efficient controls, reduce the gigantic remunerative packages of top executives, and ethical reliability. Pressed consumers. They are organized to penalizing companies that harm health or destroy the environment. So they have caused harsh economic damage to industries snuff, asbestos, and some laboratories.
There are increasingly more informed, articulate, and participatory civil societies. They are willing to make boycotts that violate human rights principles, or working conditions.
All these factors. Stocks fall or rise increasingly as CSR. The most important investment funds are assessing the sustainability of enterprises considering their CSR. CSR creates noticeable differences in competitiveness in domestic and international markets. There are new concepts such as competitiveness responsible, green business, familiarly responsible companies.
Better and more profitable
Each of the elements of CSR favors the company. A study of companies that implement diversity practices in the United States shows that in five years had annual returns of 18.3%, while those who did not only gained 7.9%. 63% of the executives of the 500 largest companies believe that diversity produces a more creative work environment.
In addition to the benefits for the company are the benefits to the employer as a person. Recent studies at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Harvard and Michigan show that solidarity is extremely high salaries in terms of personal health. 60% of a sample of people 50 and older in the United States says it wants in its next stage, focus on improving the quality of life in their communities. CSR the employer does not have to wait until near retirement. You can do it now.
How about in Latin America, and Argentina? Many companies are still "active autism." Others have increasingly entered the world of philanthropy and this is a very important step forward. Brazil already represents more than 2,000 million dollars annually. However, you need to make the leap from stage to philanthropic stage of CSR.
Commit the company to provide, in addition to money, managerial, Internet spaces, production techniques and marketing to combat the serious problem of poverty (41% of the population of the region) and inequality (most of the globe) that live Latin America, and with major improvements defy Argentina.
This does not mean in any way that the company is asked to resolve them alone. Public policies have the primary responsibility in a democratic society to guarantee all citizens their rights to nutrition, health, education, and development. But the collaboration of private enterprise is key. The strategic alliance between active public policies with a human face, RSE, and a civil society mobilized behind the success of countries leading the global tables as Norway, Canada and others.
There entrepreneurs support progressive taxation agreements, collaborate on large - scale education and health, part of large public initiatives, concertan.
In Latin America and Argentina you have to activate the RSE. Everyone wins with it. Jumping "autism" CSR is a great opportunity, and a collective complaint

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[ 9 ]

Human resources and corporate social responsibility

Therefore they propose ideas to their employees to jointly carry out programs designed to meet the needs of the community; collect used clothing, school supplies, nonperishable food, even money are donated to schools and charities.
The novelty in this respect is that the company only makes coordinator of these programs , and invites employees to organize, implement actions, to propose charities and go talk to them personally and to perform community activities.
Companies like Sheraton Hotel Argentina, Dow Chemical, Fate, among others has very oiled Corporate Social Responsibility programs articulated with the participation of its human resources. Employees are absolutely protagonists.
These activities are very well regarded and accepted by the community and even the internal public company representing the doors outside and doing solidarity work.
Much remains to be done in this area. Many executives we interviewed, have accepted how well employees participate in these activities, while recognizing that some activities of this type, do not want to be disseminated widely.
For example the Sheraton Hotel in Buenos Aires, assists with donations of surplus products to the Villa 31 Retiro (which is very close to the Hotel) an illegal settlement of persons, public land, although there is a long time, is not accepted by the common people, who obviously see it as a space of danger, marginalization, crime and totally illegal.
Unilever Argentina, has also made donations of products and works in shantytowns of Buenos Aires Province who prefer not to disclose.
Given these characteristics, invite to think that certain companies, fearing that their employees or clients can be attacked by criminals who usually reside in these settlements, offering gifts and offerings as a "containment" (Sheraton Buenos Aires) or good to "spread" their products (Unilever Argentina) to an ignorant and manipulable population that has recently acquired government subsidies. This has nothing to do with Corporate Social Responsibility. When the shares of the company are related to the socially repudiated and benefit people in a state of chronic lawlessness (many of them also chronic offenders) and enter another field that is not of this article.
But most companies we interviewed, directly say they attend only related to education, such as school cafeterias, schools, technical schools or provide (in their own plants) training in different areas to low - income people who are outside ventures labor system. They teach computing, carpentry, languages, school support their children, among others. Employees chip companies, teach how to make bread, cooking nutritious recipes and crafts for people to learn to develop in the best way.
The latter description, one might say, is the best work of Social Responsibility.
Although hardly recognized in a confidential environment, many companies do not even want to attend soup kitchens (eye! Differ from school canteens) clientelistic plague Argentina post-crisis, where in places usurped, people cook for others, they feed hundreds of poor daily, given away food, often in poor condition, in an area without order, without planning, without project, which conveys that "the only thing that matters is to have a full belly" and that works against the first social institution that is the family. It is a highly contested social space, which logically, companies with strong codes of ethics do not want to get involved.
Finally, another activity Social Responsibility common businesswoman are "social" benefits offered by companies to their members. Faced with a difficult social reality, many organizations offer career counseling for teens of their employees, paid internships in companies for their family members create psychological consultants and assist, so to a large domestic population and own social needs.

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[ 10 ]

Students and their orders to organizations

It is social responsibility of organizations, satisfy the claims of those who are being formed; work for the progress of college students is certainly an important return to society.
But do not leave everything to chance. It is important that this becomes part of the corporate culture, which is something everyday and that all employees are willing to be interviewed. Beyond the long working hours, obligations and deadlines to meet objectives, smart organizations always manage to do this kind of "extra-work" collaborations. It is therefore important to address this issue from the question directly with teams.
It is an activity that makes the company ú socially responsible organization and it takes only a little time, should not be considered as an expense. If you think carefully, helping students is a very important source of external communication: it gives a notion of opening of the company, willingness of the organization to the academic community, discloses the culture of an organization and assists in youth training. College students are the future workers, leaders, managers, directors, CEOs of organizations (or public officials and consultants or academics) and that can not be overlooked. Let 's face it because it is almost a given.
And in this article you are not talking about simple, closed. It is not advised that only one person "responsible for serving students" or that "there are certain days" how "provider payment" or that "this is information for students" because it would start cutting, to discriminate and think they are a nuisance. This speaks to the contrary. It is open as much as possible, to offer personal interviews between 2 or 3 people, to show how a computer system (SAP, Intranet, for example) provide written information and offer a ride to see the facilities of the company / factory work.
Some tips will help organizations begin planning their relationships with students, providing a great help to students and also some advantages:
* Plan before the interview. Student may be sent to mail a short form that says, what belongs University, why the company chose, what matters and what practical work. In the future may weigh internally, why resort to the company certain students, certain subjects and certain careers. Is information that companies are losing know.
* Ask for a copy of the interview. It 's good to know how to speak one, to be corrected permanently, this will serve as a personal training also impact in dealing with coworkers.
* Give or send each student a copy of the code of ethics of the company, or mission, vision and values. This helps spread the organizational culture to a particular audience and serves students to get used to the terminology organizations.
* Offer incorporate student email to a mailing on external cultural and sports activities organized by the company.
* Use the company website to interact with students from around the world. A section can say: For college students. There you can hang a picture gallery with internal activities of the company, mission, vision and values of the company, games, or links to web pages of interest, internal documents (which may be made public) letters from the CEO or brief interviews to senior management, where they discuss their time at the University.
Finally, companies have to be open to the community, many do and successful achievements, but it is a task that must be considered from the Social Responsibility. This openness students may well be planned between several people (inter - area or the same area) gives autonomy to employees, where everyone can contribute ideas and generate important communication links.

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[ 11 ]

How health affects the excessive use of technological devices

Although paradoxically, new technologies bring old diseases to those who use them excessively. Prolonged use of computers, notebooks, tablets, cell phones makes health professionals are facing a new type of increasingly frequent ailments.
The use of technological devices involves new body postures, stress or muscle tension. To it higher or lower user awareness about the importance of good posture, physical state of this and conditions prior to use adds.

What conditions can cause the positions for prolonged use of technological dispositipos?

Cervicalgias, rectification of the cervical spine, cervicodorsalgias, cervicobraquialgias and postural kyphosis. These conditions also may appear accompanied by other symptoms such as headaches, dizziness, nausea and upper limb paresthesias (tingling in the hands).

What parts of the body can be affected?

Shoulders
The shoulder position when writing can cause what is called periarthritis on shoulders, which is the inflammation of the tissues surrounding the shoulder joint.
Thumb
Overuse of certain devices can cause tendonitis in the thumb as premature rizarthrosis (osteoarthritis of the thumb).
Elbows and wrists
Misuse of the mouse, without supporting the forearm or use the pad with silicone can cause epicondylitis, which manifests as pain on the outer side of the elbow, or an increase of carpal tunnel syndrome that affect tendons and nerves causes pain, numbness or cramps in the fingers.
Ankles, feet and hands
addition to poor posture and muscle misuse of nuve astecnologías extends inattention to move, for example, walking texting by mobile phone. In addition distraction it causes often falls or stumbles, which are one of the causes that recorded increases of ankle sprains, trauma to the foot and hands or some afractura.
Jaws and teeth
Prolonged hours at any of the devices mentioned above, make besides neglected posture, conditions resulting from stress and strain in the muscles of mastication join:
problems in the temporomandibular joint
nocturnal bruxism ( snap of the teeth during sleep)

Some measures to prevent or reverse these physical conditions

Correct posture
Perform physical activity
Use artificial tears
Wear protective support the wrists and elbows on the desk

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[ 12 ]

What does an ergonomist?

The ergonomists dealing with the safety and efficiency of the work equipment, and transportation systems. The ergonomist utiiliza scientific information to ensure the health, comfort and protection of people, according to the nature of their work and a wide range of environments where people are embedded.
To scientifically study the relationship between people, their environments and equipment , ergonomists use this information to improve human interaction with processes and systems.
The areas of work of an ergonomist include product design and / or equipment, production systems, information and advanced technology and transportation design.
The ergonomists can work in consulting, research, product development or teaching and are also called specialists in human factor .
Typical work activities ergonomists :
Work activities Ergonomist, vary widely depending on the work area, for example: health care, health and safety, transportation, environment. Anyway activities revolve around always ensure that a system or product meets user needs and in general:
Investigate the physical and psychological capabilities and limitations of the human body.
It analyzes how people use the equipment and machinery.
Performs occupational risk assessments.
Assesses work environments and their effects on users.
Use the evaluation results to identify areas for improvement.
Design practices to the implementation of these improvements solutions.
Manufactures manuals to ensure the best use of new systems or products.
It produces reports on new findings and recommendations.
Write proposals and collect statistical information.
He uses his knowledge of the human body to improve the design of products such as cars, office furniture and others.
Interview individuals and observe them at their particular type of environment, as part of the research process.
Visit a wide range of environments such as offices, factories, hospitals, to assess the health and safety standards for investigating accidents.
Provides advice, information and training both colleagues and customers.
Officiates as an expert witness in the case of industrial accidents.

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[ 13 ]

Consequences of sleep little or no sleep

The amount of sleep needed to respond satisfactorily to the demands of everyday life vary throughout life, they are conditioned by the characteristics and personal needs such as the characteristics of each body trends. But medicine says there are general parameters to consider.
It is considered that a person sleeps the amount of enough hours, if you wake up after spending a period of time sleeping, for himself and feels in renovated condition and ability to satisfactorily perform their daily activities.
Traditional medicine estimated between 8 and 10 hours average number of hours of sleep needed for the adult, increasing to 12 hours for children and adolescents and decreasing to 6 or 4 for the elderly.
The most obvious characteristics of lack of sleep are the c emotional ONSEQUENCES, manifesting as drowsiness, sudden mood changes, irritability, adopting a more pessimistic attitude, sadness, extreme anger, increased stress and anxiety .
Another type of pathology, with a great social cost are constant insomnia. Dr. Garcia Borreguero defines insomnia as a state of early warning suffering more than 30 percent of the population in Spain.
A debate within the field where recently emerged rethinks the relationship of association between insomnia and these pathologies . The traditional view stood to disease as the cause of insomnia, now is reconsidering the position, and argues that insomnia is the cause and not the consequence of these pathologies.
Loss of reflexes, visibility and coordination of movement also appears to lack of sleep. This is why airline pilots, passenger transport drivers are required to respect the hours of sleep.
Physically, lack of sleep also affects the ability to process glucose, which can cause high levels of blood sugar and other symptoms of diabetes . It can also cause glucose to be stored as fat, causing weight gain.
It also causes decreased basal body temperature , this may cause some alteration in the functioning of the body 's metabolism and loss record heart rate.
One of the most proven causes lack of sleep are psychiatric disorders. Diego Garcia Borreguero , a neurologist at the Sleep Unit Jimenez of Spain Day Foundation says they have detected cases of anxiety and depression among people who do not respect 6/8 hours of sleep.
No sleep can cause an alteration in the speech center, showing less control when speaking presented as babbling or repetitive words . You can see an improvement in short - term memory, but decreases the possibility of long - term memory. In this state it is almost impossible to learn a new skill. It can also cause a decrease in creativity and ability to solve problems, as the person becomes slower and less accurate.
Experiments to study the lack of sleep for several days, found that the hallucinations and temporary insanity usually occurs due to lack of sleep, after the third day without sleep . Studies show that when sleep problems become chronic, it increases to 40% the chances of suffering from a psychiatric illness.
In adolescents, the rate of combined study with the habit of going out at night, go phased out the relationship that occurs between sleep and wakefulness causing disorders of all kinds, especially affects hormonal processes, as well as sexual maturation .
In the long term brings associated other disorders such as obesity, premature aging, exhaustion, increased risk for infections, diabetes, cardiovascular disease and gastrointestinal disorders as well as chronic memory loss.
Dr. Reyes Haro Valencia , director of the Clinic Sleep Disorders UNAM considers that the hours that nature commands need to sleep, but it is important to sleep at night, since the production of melatonin which is part of the signal system regulating the circadian cycle (physiological expressions are occurring in the body within 24 hours) it is stimulated by darkness and inhibited by light .
Difficulty sleeping should be considered a disease when symptoms of daytime fatigue, irritability, headaches and lack of concentration with a frequency of three or more times a week for several consecutive months are perceived.
The statistics say that sleep fewer hours than necessary tenfold the chances of having an accident or work .
According to Matthew Walter , a professor of psychology at the University of Berkeley, "a sleepless night reduces the ability to assimilate knowledge by almost 40 percent" since sleep clean short - term memory and frees up space for more information.
In relation to social context, stop sleeping causes a deterioration in interpersonal relationships, decreasing all kinds of interest in everything happening in the environment, are frequent job loss or partner.
According to the researchers group Francesco Cappuccio of the Faculty of Medicine Warwck, UK results argue that there is a specific relationship in women between sleep deprivation and hypertension.
According to a group of experts from the UK, women who sleep six or fewer hours a day are more likely to have high blood pressure than resting longer.
Several studies have linked lack of sleep with increased risk of high blood pressure, and an increase in women was 42% of the chances of contracting the disease among those who were accustomed to sleep less than six hours. Cardiac risk factors such as smoking, being overweight, a sedentary lifestyle or partially contributed to this relationship.
Whereas in men it could not establish any relationship between these variables.
If you go a day without sleep, symptoms that can be observed are mild, just the manifestation of evil sense of humor, irritation, slow to develop cotidanas tasks or lack of concentration, two days without sleep, it is impossible to concentrate attention in any task that requires some skill, for the third day without sleep is beginning to have hallucinatory and loss of contact with reality symptoms.

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[ 14 ]

Importance of ergonomics in occupational health

From any company should provide a good working environment for staff and to this end, work study and ergonomics helps us know how.
To know the importance of ergonomics in occupational health , the first thing to consider is that from the different companies should promote physical, mental and social well - being of each worker. To carry it out, avoid the deterioration of the worker because of the poor working conditions. To do this, one of the tips is to protect employees from hazards that may result from exposure to harmful agents. On the other hand, you should care for workers to retain their physiological and psychological integrity. Thus it is seen that there are risks for posture, for visual and cardiovascular systems of people and may be the beginning of occupational diseases. Therefore, the ergonomics refers to the fact adjust the living environment and work as worker after their quality of life. To achieve this , from the different companies should promote safety through a suitable environment for the employee. The working conditions is crucial to optimize the health of employees and that, among other things, to lower the level of stress and physical fatigue more effectively be achieved in the production point. Thus, since companies must find alternative work in contrast to the monotonous work and automated because all they do is lower the performance of staff.
For this reason, the ergonomics in the workplace are closely linked since the posture, the efforts, the environment as well as the signaling means are crucial to protect the health of staff.
In different jobs it is very useful to observe the fact what are the greatest dangers to try to lessen the problems of the worker. On the one hand, postural problems, poor efforts and sudden movements are the protagonists in the working hours of certain workplaces.
In the case of very frequent in heavy - duty work with postural problems, as well as office jobs, one of the tips is to reduce the efforts decreasing loads and avoiding change positions remain static.
Among one of the harmful effects of poor working conditions can mention the psychological factors such as stress, fatigue and monotony.

preventive ergonomic measures

One branch of ergonomics is the one that takes into account the physical aspect, ie, the positions most suitable for the person in the workplace. This aims to avoid risks, for example, bend with your legs straight, rotate the body weight while having above or bear weight on the shoulders. On the contrary, ergonomics appeals to change work habits. That is, rather than behavior as the above described, the right actions would bend the knees when bending, so that the legs are those that make power and lift objects to the chest. In addition, if the worker has to lift an excessive burden, it should be helped by another partner.
Another preventive measures to take into account is linked to the fact inform personnel to walk upright and possibly without charge. Also it is transmitted employees to use convenient to not have problems if they walk for a long time footwear. As for driving, it is report that should be kept away from the steering wheel slightly. On the other hand, while sitting one you have to ensure a comfortable position, with adjustable chairs for the lumbar spine to rest properly, in addition to regulate height so that both feet touch the ground. The importance of complying with the measures lies in order to achieve healthy attitudes in the workplace and protect the quality of life and work of the staff.
Otherwise, you can have, for example, a physical fatigue due to poor posture when sitting as one tends to bend the back, twisting his neck to look at the screen and arms and hands while typing. Therefore the use of ergonomic office equipment, ie the installation equipment that have in relation to the central workers meet ergonomic standards recommended.
Now: For those who work in offices and spend long hours at the computer, ergonomics think of them. Thus, it is provided that the screen has to have a good definition flicker and vision care worker. It is also recommended that the computer screen tilt and is 50 centimeters from the user at least. As for the keyboard, it must also be positioned so that the user is comfortable supporting arm and hands on the desk.
As for eye care it is essential to keep in mind that computer use causes excessive eyestrain, stedfastly for a long period of time causing heartburn and headaches. To prevent this from happening, you should avoid the opacity in the images and that light is reflected on the computer being important proper lighting in the workplace.

estimates

According to statistics, it is estimated that in Europe and the United States, between 50 and 90 percent of computer users suffer from eyestrain, with symptoms such as red and dry eyes, tearing and burning sensation.
For its part, the National Institute of Research and Security of France, has found through studies to spend five hours at a computer there are more risks of serious vision problems. In short, if preventive measures are not ergonomic encourage all generated is increased discomfort in personal and losses for the company as there will be a decrease in productivity because the employee is not in the best conditions.

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[ 15 ]

Factors that may affect the health of workers

Lifts and scaffolding in poor condition, lack of protective equipment, poor lighting, poor working environment are some of the issues affecting daily the welfare of workers and potentially their health.
In the employment scenario a range of risky cases unfolds. But the fact is that since ancient times, man accompanies risk, danger and, consequently, damage and accidents.
The professional field today is not so distant from those human generations and today the worker is exposed to multiple challenges with its attendant risks.
These situations are longstanding since in England, in the late seventeenth century, was a technological revolution with a huge advance in machinery. While on the one hand, in the world it was a great leap toward industrial innovation, on the other, it began to neglect increasingly health conditions of the worker.
According to estimates, currently 90% of accidents are preventable. This means that companies today can anticipate events.

factors harmful to health

There are multiple risk agents that affect the physical integrity of workers. You can influence the type of work, building conditions, the type of machinery to which it is exposed personnel, among other reasons.
The truth is that, on the one hand, health is altered by chemical factors such as gases, smoke, mist, besides physical agents such as noise, radiation or vibration. The issue is that both agents are combustible substances that can lead to an explosion or fire, causing damage to persons, in addition to shedding material losses.
In particular, the chemicals are extremely harmful to health. If an employee for cause or aspires ingested any of those substances can cause severe poisoning.
And if physical issues it is the incidence of accidents increases when the work involves handling and loading since converge many dangers according to the place, space, quantity and especially by the type of filler. On this last point, objects can be sometimes flammable, much weight or high levels of toxicity.
However, not only it runs risk to weight ratio, but, for example, noise and high temperatures within the workplace affect staff discomfort.
On the other hand, among the agents Risks include biological, which are organic factors such as viruses and bacteria, which, once immersed in the human body, can bring infections and intoxications. Often they expand because of the lack of habits regarding hygiene facilities. Also, the use of contaminated work items or direct contact with industrial waste are other variants of insecurities can go through the staff. In reality, these microbial agents expand in the environment, but displayed his power in warm, closed places where there is moisture. Who are more exposed to these risks are tannery workers, health and food.
In another vein, ergonomic factors are experienced by many people to adopt elements of the work to its appearance, that is that doing inappropriate movements can cause postural problems, physical fatigue, among others.
Finally, psychosocial causes that affect the worker and is related to the current systems of labor organization. The advancement of technology produced, in opportunities, monotony, mental load is increasingly unsustainable, generating consequences on adaptation, thereby increasing reluctance. Here stress is the main star and walks everywhere in the halls of jobs as the extreme demand, work pressure, economic crises directly affect the worker, bringing rigged physical and psychological disorders.
So it perceived to influence various causes that make a dissatisfied employee. This is because the work environment is not according to your expectations and low fires in performance.
Ultimately, all these factors cause damage, some irreparable health of those who work. Certain agents can be tolerated by the employee but not others.
In other words, the lack of protection to employees by the company, the lack of safety measures and hygiene or a work environment with unfavorable conditions harm the health of those who spend most of their day in the workplace.

Risk exposure

As for working conditions, ventilation and imperfect lighting as well as the busy aisles to prevent the passage, poor construction of facilities, lack of fire protection and emergency exits are constant in industries affected greatly who attends daily.
With regard to personal protection, often no preventive equipment available to all staff, or if there are shabby.
We must not fail to mention the electrical problems that can occur in a job as an abnormal intensity current can cause burns to the operator working directly exposed to it, until ventricular fibrillation.
Finally, the mechanical part also affects employee health because, often, there is a lack of maintenance work objects that can bring harmful effects to the worker.
At present it is demonstrated that these work situations are part of a cyclic chain as when performing work in increasingly more complex tasks and there are more risks of injury to health. But, conversely, if risk situations are avoided in work, increased productivity is expected.
In most companies it is considered to reduce risks, results in a higher production level.
So, unsafe conditions and neglect must be transformed into a healthy context and wellness.

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