Wikiblog Cultuland [CZ]

Greek alphabet;
Type	Alphabet
Languages	Greek
Time period	c. 800 BC – present
Parent systems	Egyptian hieroglyphs; Proto-Sinaitic alphabet Phoenician alphabet Greek alphabet; ; ;
Child systems	Gothic; Glagolitic; Cyrillic; Coptic; Armenian; Old Italic; Latin; Georgian;
Direction	Left-to-right
ISO 15924	Grek, 200
Unicode alias	Greek
Unicode range	U+0370–U+03FF Greek and Coptic; U+1F00–U+1FFF Greek Extended;

The Greek alphabet has been used to write the Greek language since the late 9th or early 8th century BC. It was derived from the earlier Phoenician alphabet, and was the first alphabetic script to have distinct letters for vowels as well as consonants. It is the ancestor of the Latin and Cyrillic scripts. Apart from its use in writing the Greek language, in both its ancient and its modern forms, the Greek alphabet today also serves as a source of technical symbols and labels in many domains of mathematics, science and other fields.

In its classical and modern forms, the alphabet has 24 letters, ordered from alpha to omega. Like Latin and Cyrillic, Greek originally had only a single form of each letter; it developed the letter case distinction between uppercase and lowercase forms in parallel with Latin during the modern era.

Sound values and conventional transcriptions for some of the letters differ between Ancient Greek and Modern Greek usage, because the pronunciation of Greek has changed significantly between the 5th century BC and today. Modern and Ancient Greek use different diacritics. The traditional orthography, which is used for Ancient Greek and sometimes for Modern Greek, has many diacritics, such as accent marks for pitch accent ("polytonic"), the breathing marks for the presence and absence of the initial /h/ sound, and the iota subscriptfor the final historical /i/ sound. In standard Modern Greek spelling, orthography has been simplified to a monotonic system, which uses only two diacritics: the acute accent and diaeresis.

Letters

Letter	Name	Sound
Letter	Name	Ancient	Modern
Α α	alpha, άλφα	[a [aː	[a
Β β	beta, βήτα	[b	[v
Γ γ	gamma, γάμμα	[ɡ, [ŋ	[ɣ ~ [ʝ, [ŋ ~ [ɲ
Δ δ	delta, δέλτα	[d	[ð
Ε ε	epsilon, έψιλον	[e
Ζ ζ	zeta, ζήτα	[zd]	[z
Η η	eta, ήτα	[ɛː	[i
Θ θ	theta, θήτα	[tʰ	[θ
Ι ι	iota, ιώτα	[i [iː	[i, [ç, [ʝ, [ɲ
Κ κ	kappa, κάππα	[k	[k ~ [c
Λ λ	lambda, λάμδα	[l
Μ μ	mu, μυ	[m

Letter	Name	Sound
Letter	Name	Ancient	Modern
Ν ν	nu, νυ	[n
Ξ ξ	xi, ξι	[ks]
Ο ο	omicron, όμικρον	[o
Π π	pi, πι	[p
Ρ ρ	rho, ρώ	[r
Σ σ/ς	sigma, σίγμα	[s	[s ~ [z
Τ τ	tau, ταυ	[t
Υ υ	upsilon, ύψιλον	[y [yː	[i
Φ φ	phi, φι	[pʰ	[f
Χ χ	chi, χι	[kʰ	[x ~ [ç
Ψ ψ	psi, ψι	[ps]
Ω ω	omega, ωμέγα	[ɔː	[o

Examples

For example, ἀγκών.
For example, εγγραφή.
For example, εγγεγραμμένος.
For example, ηλίθιος.
For example, βια.
For example, μια.

Sound values

In both Ancient and Modern Greek, the letters of the Greek alphabet have fairly stable and consistent symbol-to-sound mappings, making pronunciation of words largely predictable. Ancient Greek spelling was generally near-phonemic. For a number of letters, sound values differ considerably between Ancient and Modern Greek, because their pronunciation has followed a set of systematic phonological shifts that affected the language in its post-classical stages.

Among consonant letters, all letters that denoted voiced plosive consonants (/b, d, g/) and aspirated plosives (/pʰ, tʰ, kʰ/) in Ancient Greek stand for corresponding fricative sounds in Modern Greek. The correspondences are as follows:

	Former voiced plosives			Former aspirates
	Letter	Ancient	Modern	Letter	Ancient	Modern
Labial	Β β	/b/	/v/	Φ φ	/pʰ/	/f/
Dental	Δ δ	/d/	/ð/	Θ θ	/tʰ/	/θ/
Dorsal	Γ γ	/ɡ/	[ɣ ~ [ʝ	Χ χ	/kʰ/	[x ~ [ç

Among the vowel symbols, Modern Greek sound values reflect the radical simplification of the vowel system of post-classical Greek, merging multiple formerly distinct vowel phonemes into a much smaller number. This leads to several groups of vowel letters denoting identical sounds today. Modern Greek orthography remains true to the historical spellings in most of these cases. As a consequence, the spellings of words in Modern Greek are often not predictable from the pronunciation alone, while the reverse mapping, from spelling to pronunciation, is usually regular and predictable.

The following vowel letters and digraphs are involved in the mergers:

Letter	Ancient	Modern	Letter	Ancient	Modern
Η η	ɛː	> i	Ω ω	ɔː	> o
Ι ι	i(ː)		Ο ο	o	> o
ΕΙ ει	eː		Ε ε	e	> e
Υ υ	u(ː) > y		ΑΙ αι	ai	> e
ΟΙ οι	oi > y
ΥΙ υι	yː > y

Modern Greek speakers typically use the same, modern symbol–sound mappings in reading Greek of all historical stages. In other countries, students of Ancient Greek may use a variety of conventional approximations of the historical sound system in pronouncing Ancient Greek.

Digraphs and letter combinations

Several letter combinations have special conventional sound values different from those of their single components. Among them are several digraphs of vowel letters that formerly represented diphthongs but are now monophthongized. In addition to the four mentioned above (⟨ει, αι, οι, υι⟩), there is also ⟨ου⟩, pronounced /u/. The Ancient Greek diphthongs ⟨αυ⟩, ⟨ευ⟩ and ⟨ηυ⟩ are pronounced [av], [ev] and [iv] in Modern Greek. In some environments they are devoiced to [af], [ef] and [if] respectively. The Modern Greek consonant combinations ⟨μπ⟩ and ⟨ντ⟩ stand for [b] and [d] (or [mb] and [nd]) respectively; ⟨τζ⟩ stands for [dz] and ⟨τσ⟩ stands for [t͡s]. In addition, both in Ancient and Modern Greek, the letter ⟨γ⟩, before another velar consonant, stands for the velar nasal [ŋ]; thus ⟨γγ⟩ and ⟨γκ⟩ are pronounced like English ⟨ng⟩. In analogy to ⟨μπ⟩ and ⟨ντ⟩, ⟨γκ⟩ is also used to stand for [g]. There are also the combinations ⟨γχ⟩ and ⟨γξ⟩.

Combination	Pronunciation	Devoiced pronunciation
⟨αυ⟩	[av]	[af]
⟨ευ⟩	[ev]	[ef]
⟨ηυ⟩	[iv]	[if]
⟨μπ⟩	[b]
⟨ντ⟩	[d]
⟨τζ⟩	[dz]
⟨τσ⟩	[t͡s]

Diacritics

In the polytonic orthography traditionally used for ancient Greek, the stressed vowel of each word carries one of three accent marks: either the acute accent (ά), the grave accent (ὰ), or the circumflex accent (α̃ or α̑). These signs were originally designed to mark different forms of the phonological pitch accent in Ancient Greek. By the time their use became conventional and obligatory in Greek writing, in late antiquity, pitch accent was evolving into a single stress accent, and thus the three signs have not corresponded to a phonological distinction in actual speech ever since. In addition to the accent marks, every word-initial vowel must carry either of two so-called "breathing marks": the rough breathing (ἁ), marking an /h/ sound at the beginning of a word, or the smooth breathing (ἀ), marking its absence. The letter rho (ρ), although not a vowel, also carries a rough breathing in word-initial position. If a rho was geminated within a word, the first ρ always had the smooth breathing and the second the rough breathing (ῤῥ) leading to the transiliteration rrh.

The vowel letters ⟨α, η, ω⟩ carry an additional diacritic in certain words, the so-called iota subscript, which has the shape of a small vertical stroke or a miniature ⟨ι⟩ below the letter. This iota represents the former offglide of what were originally long diphthongs, ⟨ᾱι, ηι, ωι⟩ (i.e. /aːi, ɛːi, ɔːi/), which became monophthongized during antiquity.

Another diacritic used in Greek is the diaeresis (¨), indicating a hiatus.

In 1982, a new, simplified orthography, known as "monotonic", was adopted for official use in Modern Greek by the Greek state. It uses only a single accent mark, the acute (also known in this context as tonos, i.e. simply "accent"), marking the stressed syllable of polysyllabic words, and occasionally the diaeresis to distinguish diphthongal from digraph readings in pairs of vowel letters, making this monotonic system very similar to the accent mark system used in Spanish. The polytonic system is still conventionally used for writing Ancient Greek, while in some book printing and generally in the usage of conservative writers it can still also be found in use for Modern Greek.

Although it is not a diacritic, the comma has a similar function as a silent letter in a handful of Greek words, principally distinguishing ό,τι (ó,ti, "whatever") from ότι (óti, "that").

Romanization

There are many different methods of rendering Greek text or Greek names in the Latin script. The form in which classical Greek names are conventionally rendered in English goes back to the way Greek loanwords were incorporated into Latin in antiquity. In this system, ⟨κ⟩ is replaced with ⟨c⟩, the diphthongs ⟨αι⟩ and ⟨οι⟩ are rendered as ⟨ae⟩ and ⟨oe⟩ (or ⟨æ,œ⟩) respectively; and ⟨ει⟩ and ⟨ου⟩ are simplified to ⟨i⟩ and ⟨u⟩ respectively. In modern scholarly transliteration of Ancient Greek, ⟨κ⟩ will usually be rendered as ⟨k⟩, and the vowel combinations ⟨αι, οι, ει, ου⟩ as ⟨ai, oi, ei, ou⟩ respectively. The letters ⟨θ⟩ and ⟨φ⟩ are generally rendered as ⟨th⟩ and ⟨ph⟩; ⟨χ⟩ as either ⟨ch⟩ or ⟨kh⟩; and word-initial ⟨ρ⟩ as ⟨rh⟩.

For Modern Greek, there are multiple different transcription conventions. They differ widely, depending on their purpose, on how close they stay to the conventional letter correspondences of Ancient Greek-based transcription systems, and to what degree they attempt either an exact letter-by-letter transliteration or rather a phonetically based transcription. Standardized formal transcription systems have been defined by the International Organization for Standardization (as ISO 843), by the United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names, by the Library of Congress, and others.

History

Origins

Dipylon inscription, one of the oldest known samples of the use of the Greek alphabet, c. 740 BC

During the Mycenaean period, from around the 16th century to the 12th century BC, Linear B was used to write the earliest attested form of the Greek language, known as Mycenaean Greek. This writing system, unrelated to the Greek alphabet, last appeared in the 13th century BC. In the late 9th century BC or early 8th century BC, the Greek alphabet emerged. The period between the use of the two writing systems, during which no Greek texts are attested, is known as the Greek Dark Ages. The Greeks adopted the alphabet from the earlier Phoenician alphabet, one of the closely related scripts used for the West Semitic languages. However, the Phoenician alphabet is limited to consonants. When it was adopted for writing Greek, certain consonants were adapted to express vowels. The use of both vowels and consonants makes Greek the first alphabet in the narrow sense, as distinguished from the abjads used in Semitic languages, which have letters only for consonants.

Greek initially took over all of the 22 letters of Phoenician. Five were reassigned to denote vowel sounds: the glide consonants /j/ (yodh) and /w/ (waw) were used for [i] (Ι, iota) and [u] (Υ, upsilon) respectively; the glottal stop consonant /ʔ/ (|aleph) was used for [a] (Α, alpha); the pharyngeal /ʕ/ (ʿayin) was turned into [o] (Ο, omicron); and the letter for /h/ (he) was turned into [e] (Ε, epsilon). A doublet of waw was also borrowed as a consonant for [w] (Ϝ, digamma). In addition, the Phoenician letter for the emphatic glottal /ħ/ (heth) was borrowed in two different functions by different dialects of Greek: as a letter for /h/ (Η, heta) by those dialects that had such a sound, and as an additional vowel letter for the long /ɛː/ (Η, eta) by those dialects that lacked the consonant. Eventually, a seventh vowel letter for the long /ɔː/ (Ω, omega) was introduced.

Greek also introduced three new consonant letters for its aspirated plosive sounds and consonant clusters: Φ (phi) for /pʰ/, Χ (chi) for /kʰ/ and Ψ (psi) for /ps/. In western Greek variants, Χ was instead used for /ks/ and Ψ for /kʰ/. The origin of these letters is a matter of some debate.


aleph	/ʔ/	Α	alpha	/a/, /aː/
beth	/b/	Β	beta	/b/
gimel	/ɡ/	Γ	gamma	/ɡ/
daleth	/d/	Δ	delta	/d/
he	/h/	Ε	epsilon	/e/, /eː/
waw	/w/	Ϝ	(digamma)	/w/
zayin	/z/	Ζ	zeta	[zd](?)
heth	/ħ/	Η	eta	/h/, /ɛː/
teth	/tˤ/	Θ	theta	/tʰ/
yodh	/j/	Ι	iota	/i/, /iː/
kaph	/k/	Κ	kappa	/k/
lamedh	/l/	Λ	lambda	/l/
mem	/m/	Μ	mu	/m/
nun	/n/	Ν	nu	/n/

Phoenician
	samekh	/s/	Ξ	xi	/ks/
	ʿayin	/ʕ/	Ο	omicron	/o/, /oː/
	pe	/p/	Π	pi	/p/
	ṣade	/sˤ/	Ϻ	(san)	/s/
	qoph	/q/	Ϙ	(koppa)	/k/
	reš	/r/	Ρ	rho	/r/
	šin	/ʃ/	Σ	sigma	/s/
	taw	/t/	Τ	tau	/t/
	(waw)	/w/	Υ	upsilon	/u/, /uː/
–			Φ	phi	/pʰ/
–			Χ	chi	/kʰ/
–			Ψ	psi	/ps/
–			Ω	omega	/ɔː/

Early Greek alphabet on pottery in the National Archaeological Museum of Athens

Three of the original Phoenician letters dropped out of use before the alphabet took its classical shape: the letter Ϻ (san), which had been in competition with Σ (sigma) denoting the same phoneme /s/; the letter Ϙ (qoppa), which was redundant with Κ (kappa) for /k/, and Ϝ (digamma), whose sound value /w/ dropped out of the spoken language before or during the classical period.

Greek was originally written predominantly from right to left, just like Phoenician, but scribes could freely alternate between directions. For a time, a writing style with alternating right-to-left and left-to-right lines (called boustrophedon, literally "ox-turning", after the manner of an ox ploughing a field) was common, until in the classical period the left-to-right writing direction became the norm. Individual letter shapes were mirrored depending on the writing direction of the current line.

Archaic variants

There were initially numerous local (epichoric) variants of the Greek alphabet, which differed in the use and non-use of the additional vowel and consonant symbols and several other features. A form of western Greek native to Euboea, which among other things had Χ for /ks/, was transplanted to Italy by early Greek colonists, and became the ancestor of the Old Italic alphabets and ultimately, through Etruscan, of the Latin alphabet. Athens used a local form of the alphabet until the 5th century BC; it lacked the letters Ξ and Ψ as well as the vowel symbols Η and Ω. The classical 24-letter alphabet that became the norm later was originally the local alphabet of Ionia; this was adopted by Athens in 403 BC under archon Eucleides and in most other parts of the Greek-speaking world during the 4th century BC.

Letter names

When the Greeks adapted the Phoenician alphabet, they took over not only the letter shapes and sound values, but also the names by which the sequence of the alphabet could be recited and memorized. In Phoenician, each letter name was a word that began with the sound represented by that letter; thus ʾaleph, the word for "ox", was used as the name for the glottal stop /ʔ/, bet, or "house", for the /b/ sound, and so on. When the letters were adopted by the Greeks, most of the Phoenician names were maintained or modified slightly to fit Greek phonology; thus, ʾaleph, bet, gimel became alpha, beta, gamma.

The Greek names of the following letters are more or less straightforward continuations of their Phoenician antecedents. Between Ancient and Modern Greek they have remained largely unchanged, except that their pronunciation has followed regular sound changes along with other words (for instance, in the name of beta, ancient /b/ regularly changed to modern /v/, and ancient /ɛː/ to modern /i/, resulting in the modern pronunciation vita). The name of lambda is attested in early sources as λάβδα besides λάμβδα; in Modern Greek the spelling is often λάμδα, reflecting pronunciation. Similarly, iota is sometimes spelled γιώτα in Modern Greek ([ʝ] is conventionally transcribed ⟨γ{ι,η,υ,ει,οι}⟩ word-initially and intervocalically before back vowels and /a/). In the tables below, the Greek names of all letters are given in their traditional polytonic spelling; in modern practice, like with all other words, they are usually spelled in the simplified monotonic system.

[9] For example, ἀγκών.

[10] For example, εγγραφή.

[11] For example, εγγεγραμμένος.

[12] For example, ηλίθιος.

[13] For example, βια.

[14] For example, μια.

Letter	Name			Pronunciation
Letter	Greek	Phoenician original	English	Greek (Ancient)	Greek (Modern)	English
Α	ἄλφα	aleph	alpha	[alpʰa]	[ˈalfa]	/ˈælfə/ ( listen)
Β	βῆτα	beth	beta	[bɛːta]	[ˈvita]	/ˈbiːtə/, US: /ˈbeɪtə/
Γ	γάμμα	gimel	gamma	[ɡamma]	[ˈɣama]	/ˈɡæmə/
Δ	δέλτα	daleth	delta	[delta]	[ˈðelta]	/ˈdɛltə/
Η	ἦτα	heth	eta	[hɛːta], [ɛːta]	[ˈita]	/ˈiːtə/, US: /ˈeɪtə/
Θ	θῆτα	teth	theta	[tʰɛːta]	[ˈθita]	/ˈθiːtə/, US: /ˈθeɪtə/ ( listen)
Ι	ἰῶτα	yodh	iota	[iɔːta]	[ˈʝota]	/aɪˈoʊtə/ ( listen)
Κ	κάππα	kaph	kappa	[kappa]	[ˈkapa]	/ˈkæpə/ ( listen)
Λ	λάμβδα	lamedh	lambda	[lambda]	[ˈlamða]	/ˈlæmdə/ ( listen)
Μ	μῦ	mem	mu	[myː]	[mi]	/mjuː/ ( listen); occasionally US: /muː/
Ν	νῦ	nun	nu	[nyː]	[ni]	/njuː/
Ρ	ῥῶ	reš	rho	[rɔː]	[ro]	/roʊ/ ( listen)
Τ	ταῦ	taw	tau	[tau]	[taf]	/taʊ, tɔː/

Letter	Name			Pronunciation
Letter	Greek	Phoenician original	English	Greek (Ancient)	Greek (Modern)	English
Ζ	ζῆτα	zayin	zeta	[zdɛːta]	[ˈzita]	/ˈziːtə/, US: /ˈzeɪtə/
Ξ	ξεῖ, ξῖ	samekh	xi	[kseː]	[ksi]	/zaɪ, ksaɪ/
Σ	σίγμα	šin	siɡma	[siɡma]	[ˈsiɣma]	/ˈsɪɡmə/

Letter	Name		Pronunciation
Letter	Greek	English	Greek (Ancient)	Greek (Modern)	English
Ξ	ξεῖ, ξῖ	xi	[kseː]	[ksi]	/zaɪ, ksaɪ/
Π	πεῖ, πῖ	pi	[peː]	[pi]	/paɪ/
Φ	φεῖ, φῖ	phi	[pʰeː]	[fi]	/faɪ/
Χ	χεῖ, χῖ	chi	[kʰeː]	[çi]	/kaɪ/ ( listen)
Ψ	ψεῖ, ψῖ	psi	[pseː]	[psi]	/saɪ/, /psaɪ/ ( listen)

Letter	Name				Pronunciation
Letter	Greek (Ancient)	Greek (Medieval)	Greek (Modern)	English	Greek (Ancient)	Greek (Modern)	English
Ε	εἶ	ἐ ψιλόν	ἔψιλον	epsilon	[eː]	[ˈepsilon]	/ˈɛpsɪlɒn/, some UK: /ɛpˈsaɪlən/
Ο	οὖ	ὀ μικρόν	ὄμικρον	omicron	[oː]	[ˈomikron]	/ˈɒmɪkrɒn/ ( listen), traditional UK: /oʊˈmaɪkrɒn/
Υ	ὖ	ὐ ψιλόν	ὔψιλον	upsilon	[uː], [yː]	[ˈipsilon]	/juːpˈsaɪlən, ˈʊpsɪlɒn/, also UK: /ʌpˈsaɪlən/, US: /ˈʌpsɪlɒn/
Ω	ὦ	ὠ μέγα	ὠμέγα	omega	[ɔː]	[oˈmeɣa]	US: /oʊˈmeɪɡə/, traditional UK: /ˈoʊmɪɡə/

Greek letter		Phonetic letter				Uppercase
φ	phi	ɸ	U+0278	Latin small letter phi	Voiceless bilabial fricative	–
γ	gamma	ɣ	U+0263	Latin small letter gamma	Voiced velar fricative	Ɣ U+0194
ε	epsilon	ɛ	U+025B	Latin small letter open e (alias: epsilon)	Open-mid front unrounded vowel	Ɛ U+0190
α	alpha	ɑ	U+0251	Latin small letter alpha	Open back unrounded vowel	Ɑ U+2C6D
υ	upsilon	ʊ	U+028A	Latin small letter upsilon	near-close near-back rounded vowel	Ʊ U+01B1
ι	iota	ɩ	U+0269	Latin small letter iota	Obsolete for near-close near-front unrounded vowel now ɪ	Ɩ U+0196

Inscription		Manuscript		Modern print
Archaic	Classical	Uncial	Minuscule	Lowercase	Uppercase
				α	Α
				β	Β
				γ	Γ
				δ	Δ
				ε	Ε
				ζ	Ζ
				η	Η
				θ	Θ
				ι	Ι
				κ	Κ
				λ	Λ
				μ	Μ
				ν	Ν
				ξ	Ξ
				ο	Ο
				π	Π
				ρ	Ρ
				σς	Σ
				τ	Τ
				υ	Υ
				φ	Φ
				χ	Χ
				ψ	Ψ
				ω	Ω

β	beta	U+03B2	voiced bilabial fricative
θ	theta	U+03B8	voiceless dental fricative
χ	chi	U+03C7	voiceless uvular fricative

Αʹ αʹ	alpha	1
Βʹ βʹ	beta	2
Γʹ γʹ	gamma	3
Δʹ δʹ	delta	4
Εʹ εʹ	epsilon	5
ϛʹ	digamma (stigma)	6
Ζʹ ζʹ	zeta	7
Ηʹ ηʹ	eta	8
Θʹ θʹ	theta	9

Ιʹ ιʹ	iota	10
Κʹ κʹ	kappa	20
Λʹ λʹ	lambda	30
Μʹ μʹ	mu	40
Νʹ νʹ	nu	50
Ξʹ ξʹ	xi	60
Οʹ οʹ	omicron	70
Πʹ πʹ	pi	80
ϟʹ	koppa	90

Ρʹ ρʹ	rho	100
Σʹ σʹ	sigma	200
Τʹ τʹ	tau	300
Υʹ υʹ	upsilon	400
Φʹ φʹ	phi	500
Χʹ χʹ	chi	600
Ψʹ ψʹ	psi	700
Ωʹ ωʹ	omega	800
ϡʹ	sampi	900

Greek and Coptic Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF)
	0	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	A	B	C	D	E	F
U+037x	Ͱ	ͱ	Ͳ	ͳ	ʹ	͵	Ͷ	ͷ			ͺ	ͻ	ͼ	ͽ	;	Ϳ
U+038x					΄	΅	Ά	·	Έ	Ή	Ί		Ό		Ύ	Ώ
U+039x	ΐ	Α	Β	Γ	Δ	Ε	Ζ	Η	Θ	Ι	Κ	Λ	Μ	Ν	Ξ	Ο
U+03Ax	Π	Ρ		Σ	Τ	Υ	Φ	Χ	Ψ	Ω	Ϊ	Ϋ	ά	έ	ή	ί
U+03Bx	ΰ	α	β	γ	δ	ε	ζ	η	θ	ι	κ	λ	μ	ν	ξ	ο
U+03Cx	π	ρ	ς	σ	τ	υ	φ	χ	ψ	ω	ϊ	ϋ	ό	ύ	ώ	Ϗ
U+03Dx	ϐ	ϑ	ϒ	ϓ	ϔ	ϕ	ϖ	ϗ	Ϙ	ϙ	Ϛ	ϛ	Ϝ	ϝ	Ϟ	ϟ
U+03Ex	Ϡ	ϡ	Ϣ	ϣ	Ϥ	ϥ	Ϧ	ϧ	Ϩ	ϩ	Ϫ	ϫ	Ϭ	ϭ	Ϯ	ϯ
U+03Fx	ϰ	ϱ	ϲ	ϳ	ϴ	ϵ	϶	Ϸ	ϸ	Ϲ	Ϻ	ϻ	ϼ	Ͻ	Ͼ	Ͽ

Greek Extended Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF)
	0	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	A	B	C	D	E	F
U+1F0x	ἀ	ἁ	ἂ	ἃ	ἄ	ἅ	ἆ	ἇ	Ἀ	Ἁ	Ἂ	Ἃ	Ἄ	Ἅ	Ἆ	Ἇ
U+1F1x	ἐ	ἑ	ἒ	ἓ	ἔ	ἕ			Ἐ	Ἑ	Ἒ	Ἓ	Ἔ	Ἕ
U+1F2x	ἠ	ἡ	ἢ	ἣ	ἤ	ἥ	ἦ	ἧ	Ἠ	Ἡ	Ἢ	Ἣ	Ἤ	Ἥ	Ἦ	Ἧ
U+1F3x	ἰ	ἱ	ἲ	ἳ	ἴ	ἵ	ἶ	ἷ	Ἰ	Ἱ	Ἲ	Ἳ	Ἴ	Ἵ	Ἶ	Ἷ
U+1F4x	ὀ	ὁ	ὂ	ὃ	ὄ	ὅ			Ὀ	Ὁ	Ὂ	Ὃ	Ὄ	Ὅ
U+1F5x	ὐ	ὑ	ὒ	ὓ	ὔ	ὕ	ὖ	ὗ		Ὑ		Ὓ		Ὕ		Ὗ
U+1F6x	ὠ	ὡ	ὢ	ὣ	ὤ	ὥ	ὦ	ὧ	Ὠ	Ὡ	Ὢ	Ὣ	Ὤ	Ὥ	Ὦ	Ὧ
U+1F7x	ὰ	ά	ὲ	έ	ὴ	ή	ὶ	ί	ὸ	ό	ὺ	ύ	ὼ	ώ
U+1F8x	ᾀ	ᾁ	ᾂ	ᾃ	ᾄ	ᾅ	ᾆ	ᾇ	ᾈ	ᾉ	ᾊ	ᾋ	ᾌ	ᾍ	ᾎ	ᾏ
U+1F9x	ᾐ	ᾑ	ᾒ	ᾓ	ᾔ	ᾕ	ᾖ	ᾗ	ᾘ	ᾙ	ᾚ	ᾛ	ᾜ	ᾝ	ᾞ	ᾟ
U+1FAx	ᾠ	ᾡ	ᾢ	ᾣ	ᾤ	ᾥ	ᾦ	ᾧ	ᾨ	ᾩ	ᾪ	ᾫ	ᾬ	ᾭ	ᾮ	ᾯ
U+1FBx	ᾰ	ᾱ	ᾲ	ᾳ	ᾴ		ᾶ	ᾷ	Ᾰ	Ᾱ	Ὰ	Ά	ᾼ	᾽	ι	᾿
U+1FCx	῀	῁	ῂ	ῃ	ῄ		ῆ	ῇ	Ὲ	Έ	Ὴ	Ή	ῌ	῍	῎	῏
U+1FDx	ῐ	ῑ	ῒ	ΐ			ῖ	ῗ	Ῐ	Ῑ	Ὶ	Ί		῝	῞	῟
U+1FEx	ῠ	ῡ	ῢ	ΰ	ῤ	ῥ	ῦ	ῧ	Ῠ	Ῡ	Ὺ	Ύ	Ῥ	῭	΅	`
U+1FFx			ῲ	ῳ	ῴ		ῶ	ῷ	Ὸ	Ό	Ὼ	Ώ	ῼ	´	῾

Combining	Spacing	Sample	Description
U+0300	U+0060	( ̀)	"varia / grave accent"
U+0301	U+00B4, U+0384	( ́)	"oxia / tonos / acute accent"
U+0304	U+00AF	( ̄)	"macron"
U+0306	U+02D8	( ̆)	"vrachy / breve"
U+0308	U+00A8	( ̈)	"dialytika / diaeresis"
U+0313	U+02BC	( ̓)	"psili / comma above" (spiritus lenis)
U+0314	U+02BD	( ̔)	"dasia / reversed comma above" (spiritus asper)
U+0342		( ͂)	"perispomeni" (circumflex)
U+0343		( ̓)	"koronis" (= U+0313)
U+0344	U+0385	( ̈́)	"dialytika tonos" (deprecated, = U+0308 U+0301)
U+0345	U+037A	( ͅ)	"ypogegrammeni / iota subscript".

Greek alphabet

Definition

Letters

Sound values

Digraphs and letter combinations

Diacritics

Romanization

History

Origins

Archaic variants

Letter names

Letter shapes

Derived alphabets

Other uses

Use for other languages

Antiquity

Middle Ages

Early modern

In mathematics and science

Astronomy

International Phonetic Alphabet

Use as numerals

Use in naming student fraternities and sororities

Glyph variants

Computer encodings

ISO/IEC 8859-7

Greek in Unicode

Combining and letter-free diacritics

Encodings with a subset of the Greek alphabet

Chapter letters

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